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Index Column

Index

3 Phase Power

7-Segment Code
7-segment display - ladder logic

74XXX TTL Data Sheets

A


abampere

abbreviations:
     Electrical Engineering Abbreviations and Acronyms
     Military Abbreviations and Acronyms

ABCD matrices for transmission lines

Absolute Pressure

Absolute Viscosity

absorption spectra

acids - pH of common inorganic acids

activity series of metals

adder:
     full-adder
     half-adder

air composition

Air Pressure Loss For Every 100 Feet of Clean Commercial Steel Pipe

American National Standard Letter Designation for Welding and Allied Processes (ANSI/AWS A2.4-9I)

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

American Wire Gauge (AWG)

Ampacity of Copper and Aluminum Insulated Wire

ampere

Ampere's Circuital Law

amplifier - General purpose Amplifier

amplifier - general purpose inverting amplifier

angle between two vectors

Angular Speed Formula

Angular Velocity Formula

apparent power

area of two dimensional shapes

area unit conversion calculator

Atmospheric Pressure at Altitudes Above Sea Level

AutoCAD Notes

AutoDesk AutoCAD Notes

automation

AWG (American Wire Gage)



battery technology

beam:
     structural beams

Beam Deflection

Beam Design and Analysis for Moment and Shear

Belt:
     V-belt:
          Commercially available "5V" Sheave Pitch Diameter
          dimensions
          sizing chart
          Belt Reduced Power Capability with Contact Angle

Bernoulli's Law

bevel gear

black jack

Blot-Savart Law for Magnetic Field & Lorentz Force Equation

Bleeder Valve

blinking lamp circuit - ladder logic

bolt: Eccentrically Loaded Bolts

bolt and nut materials

bolt technical reference guide

Boltzmann constant

Bonding between atoms and molecules

boolean algebra summary

Boundary Conditions

Boyle's Law

BSPT (British Standard Pipe Thread)

BSPP (British Standard Parallel Pipe)

Bulk Modulus of Common Substances

Buoyancy Force

 

camera: contact lens camera

camera: vision system cameras

Capacitance, Conductance, and Inductance

Capacitor

capacitor energy storage

Cartesian Coordinate System

Cartesian, Cylindrical, Spherical Conversions

centroids of two dimensional shapes

Ceramics

chain pitch selection chart for roller chains

chain sprocket and platewheels

Charge Distributions

charge of an electron

charge of a proton

Charles's Law

Chebyshev Frequency Response for n=4

Check Valve

circle

circuit breaker

circuit components

co-function identities

codes:
     2 out of 5 code
     7-Segment Code
     ASCII
     Gray Codes

Coefficients of Friction

Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion

Column Design and Analysis

Combined Stresses, Axial, Bending, Shear: Mohr's Circle

comparator

Comparison of Properties of Straight Tungsten Carbides and Tool Steels

complex trigonometric identities

complex numbers

Complex Numbers and Phasor Techniques

compressor

Compton scattering

connectors

connectors - modular connectors

Connections: Bolted and Welded

contact configurations

contact lens camera

contactor

Continuity Equation in Fluid Mechanics

Continuity Equation in Electromagnetism

conversions (number base):
     binary to decimal conversion
     binary to hexadecimal conversion
     binary to octal conversion
     decimal to binary conversion
     decimal to hexadecimal conversion
     decimal to octal conversion
     hexadecimal to binary conversion
     hexadecimal to decimal conversion
     octal to binary conversion
     octal to decimal conversion

conversions between two-port network parameters

Coordinate Systems in Electromagnetism

copper tubing
     dimensions of type K copper tubing

Coulomb's Law

CREO Parametric

cross product

Crystal structures for common metals at room temperature

curl operator

cylinder (pneumatic or hydraulic)

Cylindrical Coordinate System

Cylindrical, Spherical, Cartesian Conversions


D Latch

Dalton's Law of partial pressure

Darcy's Formula

data sheets

DC and AC Circuits

de Broglie Theorem

decibel dB

Decimal Equivalent Chart

decoder - ladder logic

Deflection in Beams

demultiplexer

density unit conversion calculator

dielectric constants of selected materials

dielectric strengths of selected materials

Dielectrics as related to Displacement Flux Density

differential operators

Differential Unit Vector in Cartesian Coordinate System

Differential Unit Vector in Cylindrical Coordinate System

Differential Unit Vector in Spherical Coordinate System

Dimensions of Steel Pipe

Dimensions of Steel Valve and Steel Fittings

diode

diode - Light Emitting Diode (LED)

diode - Schmitt Trigger

diode: Voltage drop across a diode

Directional Valve

distance between point and line

distance between point and plane

Divergence

divergence operator

Divergence Theorem

double angle formulas

dot product

drill bit size conversions

Ductility of Selected Materials Measured as Percent Elongation

earth

Eccentrically Loaded Bolts

efficiency

elastic modulus for selected materials

elastomer: Hardness Scale comparison table of metals and elastomer

electric charge

electric current

Electric Field Intensity

Electric Stored Energy Density

Electrical Metallic Tubing - EMT Sizes, Weights, and Dimensions

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Elements of the Periodic Table

EMT Conduit Sizes, Weights, and Dimensions

encoder

energy storage in a capacitor

Energy Storage in Electric and Magnetic Fields

energy unit conversion calculator

equation of a plane

equations

Euler identity

even-odd identities

Exclusive OR (XOR) vs Exclusive NOR (XNOR)

expansion for hyperbolic functions

expansion for sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent

fans as applied to electrical enclosures

Faraday's Law

Faraday's Law and Ampere's Circuital Law in differential Form

fastener: Thread Series Designation

fastener technical reference guide

FDA:

21 CFR 211 - CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICE FOR FINISHED PHARMACEUTICALS

FlexiBowl

flip-flop using Omron KEEP instruction

Flow Curve and Typical Values of Strength Coefficient K and Strain Hardening Exponent n for Selected Materials

Flow of Air Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

Flow of Water Through Schedule 40 Steel Pipe

Fluid Sealing Material Compatibility Chart

force unit conversion calculator

fractions to decimal conversion table

Frequency Allocation Chart in the US (pdf)

full-adder - ladder logic

Gauss' Law

Gauss' Law derived from Conservation of Charge and Ampere's Law

GD&T (Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing)

gear:
     bevel gear
     Gear Types

General Energy Equation (Fluid Mechanics)

Geneva drive

geometric tolerancing

Geometry

golden ratio

golden rectangle

Gradient in Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

gradient operator

Gray Code:
     Gray Codes
     how to generate gray codes

Greek alphabet

grippers

parallel grippers

needle grippers (overview)

H Beams & Wide Flange ASTM-A36/A572

H-Bridge

Hagen Poiseuille Law for Laminar Flow

half angle formulas

half-adder - ladder logic

Hamming Codes

Hand Pump System

Hardness Scale comparison table of metals and elastometers

Hazen-Williams Constants for Various Materials

head, Velocity

hexagon

HMI (Human Machine Interface)

hydraulic Horsepower

hydraulic Radius

hydraulic schematic symbols

hyperbolic functions

I Beams ASTM-A36/A572

identities:
     co-function identities
     complex trigonometric identities
     euler identity
     even-odd identities
     Pythagorean identities
     quotient identities
     reciprocal identities
     trigonometric identities
     vector identities

image parameters for T and pi networks

inductor

Inequalities

Infrared Spectrum

insulation: Relationship between an Insulator's K-factor, C-factor, and R-factor

integral tables

intensity of a sound wave

interlock circuit in Ladder Logic

Internal Fluid Pressure (psi) on Tubing

inverter

JK Flip Flop

Junior Beams ASTM-A36

Jupiter

kinematic equations

Kinematic Viscosity

Kirchhoff's Current Law

Ladder Logic Circuits

laminar flow: Hagen Poiseuille Law for Laminar Flow

Laplace Transforms

Laplace's Equation

Laplacian operators

Laplacian of a Scalar Function and a Vector

Latches

Law of Conservation of Charge

Law of cosines

length unit conversion calculator

Lens Types

Lenz's Law

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

Limits - Calculus

List of Natural Elements of the Periodic Table

logarithmic constant

logic functions - ladder logic

logic gates

Lorentz Force Equation

low-pass RC filter

Magnetic Field--Ampere's Law, Biot-Savart Law

Magnetic Field Intensity

Magnetic Flux Density

magnetic force on a moving charge

Magnetic Stored Energy Density

Magnetic Vector Potential

mass/weight unit conversion calculator

mathematical symbols

matrices

Maxwell's equations

mechanical power

Mechanics

mechanisms

Melting Points for Some Common Metals and Alloys

mesh sizes: Strainer Mesh Sizes and Size of Solids Removed When Strainer is Clean

Metals

metals: Hardness Scale comparison table of metals and elastometers

Mesh Size Chart

Microwave Oven (pdf)

millimeters to decimal conversion table

modular connectors

Modulus of elasticity for selected materials

modulus of rigidity

moment of inertia

moment of inertia transfer formula

momentum

Moody Friction Factor Chart

MOSFET:
     N-Channel MOSFET

Motion Control Using Servo and Stepper Motors

Motorola microcontrollers

motors:
     electric motor family tree
     classification of Motors by application
     NEMA classification of Motors
     PWM - pulse width modulation
     Sizing a Motor for Hydraulic Pump
     Standard Electric Motor Sizes
     DC Motor - Compound Wound

multiplexer

Multiplication Table (1 thru 12)

 

NAND (Diode-Transistor Logic)

needle grippers (overview)

NEMA Enclosure Ratings

NEMA Motor Frame Sizes

Neutralization Number

Newton's laws of motion

network functions: Types of Network Functions

NOR (Diode-Transistor Logic)

NPN Transistor

NPT (National Pipe Thread)

NPS (Nominal Pipe Size) - Straight pipe sizes

nut:
     bolt and nut materials

Ohm's Law

OSHA - Safeguarding Equipment and Protecting Employees from Amputations

PanelView: How to connect to PC

parameters:
     image parameters for T and pi networks

Pascal's Law

Permeability of a vacuum (or free space)

pi networks: image parameters for T and pi networks

pipe: dimensions and properties of schedule 40 and 80

Pipe Fitting Dimensions

pipe thread types

periodic table: List of Natural Elements of the Periodic Table

PLA

Plank's Law

plastics

PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)

PNP transistor

Poisson's Equation

Poisson's ratio

polar moment of inertia

Polarization

polygon

polymers

Potential Function for Static and Non Static Fields

power consumed by a resistor

Power developed by the product of the force and velocity

power definition

power - Mechanical Power

power-reducing/half angle formulas

power series representation

power:
     electrical apparent power

power transmitted by a shaft given a torque and speed of a shaft

power unit conversion calculator

powers of two

pressure (psi) conversion factors

Principle of Reciprocity

pressure: Atmospheric Pressure at Altitudes Above Sea Level

pressure: Internal Fluid Pressure (psi) on Tubing

product-to-sum formulas

proximity sensor - inductive

PTC CREO Parametric Notes

pump system: Hand Pump System

PWM (pulse width modulation)

Pythagoras' Theorem

Pythagorean identities

Pythagorean Triples

 

quadratic formula and proof

quotient identities

radius of gyration

range equation

radian measure

RC Time Delay

reciprocal identities

regeneration circuit

Relationship between Shear stress and Tensile stress

relay

relief valve

resistivity

Reynold's Equation

robots - Types of Industrial Robots

Rockwell Hardness Scales

ROM (Read Only Memory)

rubbers

safety - machine safety

safety - standards for machine safety

Sanitary Fittings - Tri-Clamp

Saybolt Universal Viscosity

scalar product of two vectors

Schedule 40 pipe: Working Pressure In PSI (psi) in Standard Pipe, Extra Heavy Pipe, Double Extra Heavy Pipe

Schmitt Trigger Diode

Schrödinger's equation

Scissor Lift Mechanism

screw materials

screw tapping and clearance chart

screw thread pitch

screw thread series designations

screw thread types

seals: Fluid Sealing Material Compatibility Chart

sensors

seal in contact in Ladder Logic

Shear and Moment Diagrams by the Summation of Areas

shear strain

Shear Strength of Materials

shear stress analysis on a bolt in single shear

shear stress: Relationship between Shear stress and Tensile stress

sheetmetal gauge sizes and weight/ft^2

SI prefixes

Sieve Opening Size Chart

Sizing a Motor Horsepower (HP) for Drilling, Tapping, and Threading

Sizing a Motor horsepower (HP) for Hydraulic Pumps

Sizing a motors horsepower (Hp) and torque for turning a solid round disk

Skin Depth of Copper

Slider-Crank connecting rod angular speed and acceleration

software notes

solar system

spacecrafts

spark plug

Specific Gravity

specific gravity of gases

specific gravity of liquids

Specific Roughness and Hazen-Williams Constants for Various Materials

Specific Weight

Specifying Servo Systems

Spectrum: Electromagnetic Spectrum

Spectrum: Infrared Spectrum

speed of sound

speed unit conversion calculator

Spherical Coordinate System

Spherical, Cylindrical, Cartesian Conversions

sprockets and platewheel types

SR Latch

SR Master-Slave Flip-Flop

Stainless Steel Chemical Composition

Standard Electric Motor Sizes

standards for machine safety

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Stepper Motor Wiring Diagrams

Stokes' Theorem

straight pipe sizes - NPS

strain hardening exponent: Flow Curve and Typical Values of Strength Coefficient K and Strain Hardening Exponent n for Selected Materials

Strainer Mesh Sizes and Size of Solids Removed When Strainer is Clean

strength coefficient: Flow Curve and Typical Values of Strength Coefficient K and Strain Hardening Exponent n for Selected Materials

Strength of Materials

Stress-Strain Curves (pdf)

Stress Summary

Stresses in Beams and Built up Sections and Bolt Spacing

Structural Members

summing junction amplifier

sum or difference of two angles

sum-to-product formulas

sun

sun spot

symbols - electrical symbols

symbols - mathematical symbols

synchronous belt

T networks:
     image parameters for T and pi networks

Tangent Line Problem

tap drill reference

temperature unit conversion calculator

tensile strength: Yield Strength and Tensile Strength for Selected Metals

thermal conductivities of various media

thermal expansion

thermal expansion: Coefficients of Linear Thermal Expansion

Thread Series Designations

thread types - screw

thread types: pipe thread types

time delay - RC Time Delay

timing belt

toggle output with a single pushbutton - ladder logic

toggle output using single pushbutton with different TON and TOFF delays - Ladder Logic

Tonnage for Hole Punching

tool steel:
     Comparison of Properties of Straight Tungsten Carbides and Tool Steels

tool steels

Torricelli's Theorem

Torque Couplings

torque unit conversion calculator

torsion

torsional deflection of a shaft

transformer

transistor - NPN

transistor - PNP

Transmission Line - Parallel Plate

transmission line table of equations(pdf)

Transmission Line Terminated by Resistive Load

Transmission Line with Discontinuity

Tri-Clamp Sanitary Fittings

triangle

trigonometric functions

trigonometric identities

trigonometric values for common angles

Triple Scalar Product

tubing: Dimensions of Type K Copper Tubing

tungsten carbide:
     Comparison of Properties of Straight Tungsten Carbides and Tool Steels

Two-Phase Alternating Current

Two-Port Network Conversions

Types of Network Functions

unit circle

Unit Vectors: Cylindrical & Cartesian, Spherical & Cartesian

USB - Universal Serial Bus

V-belt: Commercially available "5V" Sheave Pitch Diameter V-Belts

V-belt dimensions

V-belt sizing chart

V-Belt Reduced Power Capability with Contact Angle

valve: Bleeder Valve
valve: Check Valve
valve: Directional Valve
valve: Relief Valve

vector:
     angle between two vectors
     vector cross product
     scalar product of two vectors
     vector identities

viscosity

viscosity Index

vision cameras

vision systems

voltage

voltage - worldwide voltages

voltage divider

Voltage drop across a diode

voltage follower

voltage peak detector

voltage regulator

volume unit conversion calculator

wedge physics

weight/mass unit conversion calculator

Welding Filler Metals For Various Aluminum Alloys

welding processes

welding symbol: Location of Elements of a Welding Symbol

Wide Flange & H Beams ASTM-A36/A572

Wien's Law

Wire:
     American Wire Gauge (AWG)
     Ampacity of Copper and Aluminum Insulated Wire

Working Pressure In PSI (psi) in Standard Pipe, Extra Heavy Pipe, Double Extra Heavy Pipe

worldwide voltages

Exclusive OR (XOR) vs Exclusive NOR (XNOR)

Yield Strength and Tensile Strength for Selected Metals

Young's modulus of elasticity


 
 
 

H-Bridge

 

An H-bridge is a transistor-based circuit capable of driving motors both clockwise and counter-clockwise. It’s an incredibly popular circuit – the driving force behind countless robots that must be able to move both forward and backward.

Fundamentally, an H-bridge is a combination of four transistors with two inputs lines and two outputs:

(Note: there’s usually quite a bit more to a well-designed H-bridge including flyback diodes, base resistors and Schmidt triggers.)

If both inputs are the same voltage, the outputs to the motor will be the same voltage, and the motor won’t be able to spin. But if the two inputs are opposite, the motor will spin in one direction or the other.

The H-bridge has a truth table that looks a little like this:

Input AInput BOutput AOutput BMotor Direction
0011Stopped (braking)
0110Clockwise
1001Counter-clockwise
1100Stopped (braking)

[Source: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/transistors]


Transistor Maximum Values

Part of the manufacturer's data for transistors is a set of maximum values which must not be exceeded in its operation. These form some of the constraints on transistor operation which are a part of the design of any circuit. A typical set, for the silicon transistor 2N2222:

  • Collector-Base Voltage = 60 v
  • Collector-Emitter Voltage = 30 v
  • Base-Emitter Voltage = 5 v
  • Power dissipation = 500 mW
  • Temperature 125 C

[Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/trans.html]


 


 

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